Indiana history

Indiana Steel & Limestone: The Calumet Mills and the Bedford Quarries

Two kinds of stone made industrial Indiana: the steel of the Calumet and the limestone of the south.

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Gary and the Calumet steel district

In 1906 U.S. Steel laid out an entire city on the Lake Michigan dunes and named it Gary for its chairman. The mills of Gary, East Chicago, and Hammond drew Southern and Eastern European immigrants — and later Southern Black migrants and Mexican workers — into one of the great steel districts on earth.

The limestone belt

Around Bedford and Bloomington, the Salem limestone quarries produced the pale, durable stone that faced the Empire State Building, the Pentagon, and countless courthouses and cathedrals. Generations of quarrymen and stone carvers built a craft culture in the hills.

The people of industrial Indiana

The mills and quarries pulled whole communities into company towns and mill neighborhoods, their records — census occupations, union rolls, parish registers — the trail back to the immigrant worker who arrived.

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Frequently asked questions

What is Gary, Indiana known for?

Gary was founded in 1906 by U.S. Steel as a planned mill town on Lake Michigan and became a center of American steelmaking, drawing immigrant and migrant labor for generations.

Where does Indiana limestone come from?

From the Salem limestone belt around Bedford and Bloomington in south-central Indiana — the stone that faced many of America’s most famous buildings.